The full-scale invasion caused nearly $170 billion in direct damage to Ukraine’s infrastructure. Since early 2024, that figure has grown by $12.6 billion due to continued missile strikes and combat, according to the Kyiv School of Economics (KSE).
The housing sector was hit hardest, with $60 billion in damage. As of November 2024, 236,000 residential buildings were destroyed or damaged, including 209,000 private homes and 27,000 apartment buildings. Most destruction occurred in Donetsk, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Kyiv, Chernihiv, and Kherson regions.
Transport losses totaled $38.5 billion:
- Roads: $28.3 billion (26,000+ km damaged)
- Rail: $4.3 billion
- Ports: $850 million
- Aviation: $2 billion
- Civilian vehicles: $2.2 billion (260,000 destroyed/damaged)
Energy sector losses: $14.6 billion. Major facilities like the Kakhovka and Dnipro HPPs and several thermal power plants were destroyed.
Industry, construction, and services: $14.4 billion in damage. Around 500 large and medium enterprises were affected.
Agriculture: $10.3 billion in losses. Over 130,000 units of equipment destroyed, 4 million tons of grain storage lost, and 16,000 hectares of perennial crops damaged. Forest losses: $4.5 billion (298,000 hectares affected).
Education sector: $7.3 billion. Over 4,000 educational institutions damaged, including 229 schools, 110 kindergartens, and 97 universities.
Healthcare: $4.3 billion. 1,554 medical facilities damaged, including 515 hospitals and 465 outpatient clinics.
Culture, sports, and tourism: $4 billion in losses. 3,921 cultural sites, 399 religious structures, and 343 sports facilities damaged.
Utilities: $3.5 billion. 925 boiler houses, 214 heating plants, and 354 km of heating networks damaged.
Digital infrastructure: $1.2 billion. Internet, mobile, and backbone networks hit. In some de-occupied areas, damage reached 100%, with thousands of mobile base stations destroyed.
The assessment was conducted by KSE in cooperation with Ukrainian ministries and the National Bank.
